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5

Fire Ceremonies

The procedures on the first four mornings of the Coyoteway ceremonial are collectively called Fire Ceremonies (kQ ' baa na'aldeehígíí) or Rebuilding the Fire (ach'i' déédíljah). Each of these four morning ceremonies features a ritual in which Reed-prayerstick Bundles (lók'aa k'eet'áán násdizí) are presented to various gods of the four directions. This procedure is followed each day by a Sweating Rite. The four mornings of dual rites begin on the first morning with Making New Fire. At the end of the fourth morning the Fire Ceremonies are concluded with a Washing Ritual.

Making New Fire

The old fire in the hogan is extinguished and the remains are carefully gathered and carried away. A dry piece of wood, cut from the soft stem of a century plant, is placed as bottom piece on a handful of shredded cedar bark. Notches are cut in the soft wood. Into these notches are trickled some grains from a lightning-struck rock (tséghá-hindélii), not only to transfer to the wood the fire-producing power of lightning, but also "to increase friction." The drilling stick is made of some kind of hardwood; the species of the wood may be varied. The stick is twirled between the strong hands of two men, who take turns. But the wooden base refuses to glow for quite some time. All the while the singer chants the words that relate the present effort of making fire to the overall objective of healing:

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6. Song, First Morning, Fire-making Song

By sternness, whatever your name is, the Firestick stands upright.(1)

By sternness, whatever your name is, the Firestick stands upright.

By Earth and Sky, and

by sternness, whatever your name is, you are brought back.

By sternness, whatever your name is, the Firestick stands upright.

By the Long-life Happiness One, and

by sternness, whatever your name is, you are brought back.

By sternness, whatever your name is, the Firestick stands upright.

By sternness, whatever your name is, you are brought back.

(This song may be repeated as often as is necessary until the fire burns; it ends as it begins with a repetition of the first line: "By sternness, whatever your name is, the Firestick stands upright.")

With all that effort in drilling and in singing, fire is still slow at coming forth. Unfavorable foreign influences are suspected as being the cause. A moratorium is put on my attempts in flash photography until there is fire. The patient's battery-powered lantern is also switched off. Quite obviously, the problem is a conflict between qualitatively different kinds of fire. Indeed, these measures succeed. New fire appears—sacred and pure fire, which is suited for the purification of a patient, of a hogan, and of all participants who take part in the ceremonial.

The Reed-prayerstick Bundle Rites

PREPARATIONS

The ritual of presenting Reed-prayerstick Bundles (lók'aa k'eet'áán násdizí) as offerings to various gods begins on the first morning immediately after the fire making. From the second through the fourth mornings preparations for the ritual are the first activity after awakening. Throughout the four mornings the rite remains quite uniform; it always begins with the same song, and it ends with a song that also remains the same. Four bundles are made on each of the first three days; only two bundles are needed on the fourth day. This variation is reflected in the prayers. They refer each day to different divine recipients of the offering bundles; only two deities are prayed to on the fourth day. Because the four Reed-prayerstick Bundle Rites are

________________________________

(1) Sternness (hashké yił deeyá) means also "anger" and "severity."

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The stick is twirled between the strong hands of two men, who take turns,
but the wooden base refuses to glow for quite some time.

New fire appears—sacred and pure fire....

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The ritual of presenting Reed-prayerstick Bundles as offerings to various
gods begins on the first morning immediately after the Fire Making.

nearly identical, I can discuss them here as one unit. The differences that by this method may appear, from one day to the next, do not interfere with the presentation.

Allowing for some flexibility when it is dictated by the scarcity of some materials, all offering bundles should, in addition to a Reed-prayerstick, contain six items: a feather of a blue jay (ch'íshii sháshii), of a bluebird (dólii), of an eagle (átsá), of a turkey wing and beard (tązhii, tązhii bé'ézhóó'), together with a piece of cotton string (ndik'ą'). While the bundles are assembled, the divine recipients are addressed by a song:

7, 22, 37, 55. Song, First Through Fourth Mornings

I bring, these to you, I bring these to you,

I bring these to you, I bring these to you.

Beautiful Things I bring to you. Beautiful Songs I bring to you.

Under the Two Rising, I bring these to you.⁽²⁾

With the White One walking, I bring these to you,⁽²⁾

The White Prayerstick I bring to you.
______________________________________

(2) These lines were omitted on the first morning. The song, as a whole, is very loosely structured.

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Beautiful White Beads I bring to you.
Beautiful Feathers I bring to you.
Beautiful Tobacco I bring to you ,⁽²⁾
Beautiful White Teeth I bring to you.
Beautiful White Salt I bring to you.

I bring these to you, I bring these to you.
Beautiful Cornpollen I bring to you.
Your own Son I bring to you,

the White Kinsman I bring to you,

the White Prayerstick I bring to you.
Multi-colored Shells I bring to you.

Beautiful Feathers I bring to you.

Beautiful White Teeth I bring to you.

These things are beautiful.

I bring these to you, I bring these to you,

I bring these to you, I bring these to you.

A Tobacco Stick of the Two Setting I bring to you,

the Yellow Prayerstick I bring to you.

The Yellow Cornpollen I bring to you.

Beautiful Feathers I bring to you.

Beautiful Teeth I bring to you.

Beautiful Things I bring to you,

Beautiful Things I bring to you.

Your own Son I bring to you,

the Yellow Kinsman I bring to you,

the Yellow Prayerstick I bring to you.

The Multi-colored Shell I bring to you.

Beautiful Feathers I bring to you.

Beautiful Teeth I bring to you.

Beautiful Things I bring to you. Beautiful Things I bring to you,

Beautiful Things I bring to you. Beautiful Things I bring to you.

A Tobacco Stick of the Two Above you I bring to you,

The Blue Prayerstick I bring to you.

Blue Turquoise Beads I bring to you.

Beautiful Feathers I bring to you.... (continued as in second stanza)

The Songs of the North I bring to you.

The Black Prayerstick I bring to you.

Beautiful Cornpollen I bring to you.

Beautiful Feathers I bring to you.... (continued as in second stanza)

/ bring these to you, I bring these to you,

I bring these to you, I bring these to you.

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…all offering bundles should, in addition to a Reed-prayerstick,
contain six items.

While the bundles are assembled, the divine recipients are
addressed by a song.

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The Reed-prayerstick is the most important ingredient of the bundles. In fact, the offering bundles are named after it. With a traditional flint arrowhead a four-inch section is cut from the hollow stem of a common reed. The first ingredient of the stick is pollen; then it is stuffed with Navajo tobacco (nát'oh waa'í)—with white-blossomed, blue-blossomed, yellow-blossomed, and black-blossomed tobacco. Both ends of the prayerstick are then plugged with a paste made of water and pollen. Each stick is finally painted with the color that belongs to the direction for which it is intended—white for east, blue for south, yellow for west, and black for north. The colors and paints are obtained by grinding white bead (yoołgaii), turquoise (dootł'ishii), yellow abalone shell (diichiłí), and jet (bááshzhinii).

The Reed-prayerstick is actually intended to be a cigarette for the gods. Before it is put in the bundle it is "lighted" and made ready for the Holy Ones to smoke. For that purpose a quartz crystal is used to touch the tip of the prayerstick; fire from the sun is mediated by way of the quartz crystal.

From all this it would seem that the prayerstick is a very straightforward gift to the gods—a sort of friendly smoke between them and men. But this is not entirely so. Along with the various types of tobacco a small feather is smuggled inside. These cigarettes for the gods are loaded. The feathers represent the missiles of witchcraft. And so, while the Holy People enjoy and smoke their cigarettes, they unwittingly burn the arrows that have affected the patient. After the helper has finished his prayersticks he looks over his work. This gives him the idea of lighting a cigarette for himself. His smoke-stick is not loaded—it happens to be a King-size Salem that I have brought along.

Over all the contents in the offering bundles, before they are folded, a powdered mixture composed of the following ingredients is sprinkled: pollen from blue corn, from cattail reeds, from blue flowers, and from pine trees, along with powdered seaweeds, ocean foam, jewel dust, charcoal, and soil. After this, pollen is sprinkled toward the four directions and in a circle. The singer explains with a subdued voice the purpose of his action: "The offering bundles are blessed and become efficacious only with pollen." The blessings of pollen are also sprinkled on the patient; pollen is also put in the patient's mouth. Then the practitioner proceeds to fold the bundles and gives them to the patient to hold.

At this point in the preparations, on the first morning, some concern can be noted on the face of the leader. He suspects that somehow in the process the stack of offering bundles has been turned over and that the sequence is now confused. The bundles must be arranged in the sequence in which the prayers will be spoken; also, they must be

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arranged so that after the prayer they will be carried in the proper direction. To make sure that all is well with the bundles, they are opened once more to verify their destinations. The color of the prayer-sticks identifies each bundle for the directional deity for whom it is intended.

The plant bundles that lie ready on the floor (first through third mornings) are for the purification of the patient. In a similar manner as in the wooltáád ceremony on the evening before—except for the pulling of strings—the priestly practitioner touches his patient with plant bundles of four or five ingredients, chosen from among snake-weed (ch'il diilyésii), blue grama grass (tł'oh nástasí), Artemisia frigida (tóyikááł), rock sagebrush (ché'ézhííh), and spruce twigs (ch'ó). On the fourth morning, however, the snow outside is so deep that the necessary plants can not be found; therefore the singer improvises and touches the patient with what he has available—the offering bundles. In any case, the patient is eventually given the Reed-prayerstick bundles to hold.

The first ingredient of the stick is pollen, then it is stuffed with
Navajo tobacco.

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After the helper has finished his prayersticks he looks over his work.
This gives him the idea of lighting a cigarette for himself.

Over all the contents in the offering bundles, before they are folded,
a powdered mixture... is sprinkled....

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After this, pollen is sprinkled toward the four directions
and in a circle.

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The blessings of pollen are also sprinkled on the patient.

...pollen is also put in the patient's mouth.

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Then the practitioner proceeds to fold the bundles.

To make sure that all is well with the bundles they are opened once
more.... The plant bundles that lie ready on the floor are for
the purification of the patient.

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On the fourth morning... the snow outside is so deep that the necessary
plants can not be found… therefore the singer improvises
and touches the patient with... the offering bundles.

PRAYERS

Holding the offering bundles, the patient repeats the prayers as the words are first spoken by the leader. In doing so he trails about a half sentence behind his teacher. Each of the deities spoken to at the beginning of a prayer receives a bundle. Only on the second day is each bundle intended to be shared by two gods. The prayers for the first morning are as follows:

8. Prayer, First Morning

Early Morning, Shouting, Young Man! (White Coyote)

From you I have the essences of life.

Today we smoke tobacco together.

Today you will remake my feet.

Today you will remake my legs.

Today you will remake my whole body.

Today you will remake my whole mind.

Today you will remake the sound of my voice.

Today the magic that is doing this removes it from me.

You will remove them from me.

You have removed them from me.

You are taking them far away from me.

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Holding the offering bundles, the patient repeats the prayers
as the words are first spoken by the leader....

They are far away from me.

Today I will be made well again.

Today I am not hurting anymore.

Today you have removed them from me.

The illness is moving.

It has moved out.

It is moving away from me.

You made me as well as I have been before.

I have been made well, as well as I have been before.

I am healthy now.

I am walking, as before.

I am walking in health,

I am walking with a body free of fever.

I am walking with a light body.

I am walking with a perfect body.

I am walking with a body that is never to suffer again.

Happiness is before me.

Happiness is behind me.

The Long-life Happiness One, I am.

All is Happiness.

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This prayer is repeated on the first day for Yellow Evening Young Woman (Shouting Yellow Coyote Woman), then for Sunbeam Young Man (Shouting Blue Coyote), then for Darkness Shouting Young Woman (Black Coyote Woman). The sequence, "Happiness before me" and "Happiness behind me," is reversed with each successive prayer. Finally, the ending of the fourth prayer is more elaborate than the previous endings:

Happiness is behind me.

Happiness is before me.

Happiness is under me.

Happiness is above me.

Happiness is all around me.

With Yellow Cornpollen, from my mouth, happiness will come.

The Long-life Happiness One, I am.

All is Happiness.

After these prayers, spoken to specific gods, follows what might be termed a "Prayer of Assurance." This prayer is identical on each of the four mornings, regardless of what deities are addressed in the preceding prayers.

According to these. Happiness will come to me from all places:

From the Flat Country, Happiness will come to me.

From the Plains, Happiness will come to me.

From the Thickets, Happiness will come to me.

From the Fogs, Happiness will come to me.

From the Hills, Happiness will come to me.

From the Gullies, Happiness will come to me.

From beneath Plants, Happiness will come to me.

From the Cornpollen path on which we walk, Happiness will come to me.

From Holy Places in the Earth, Happiness will come to me.

From our Dwellings, Cornpollen Houses, Happiness will come to me.

From out in the Woods, Happiness will come to me.

From beneath the Trees, Happiness will come to me.

From out of Canyons, Happiness will come to me.

From all red Canyons, Happiness will come to me.

From all black Canyons, Happiness will come to me.

From under the Rocks, Happiness will come to me.

From the Echoes of Canyon Walls, Happiness will come to me.

From stratified Rocks, Happiness will come to me.

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From Cliffs, Happiness will come to me.
From Shrubs, Happiness will come to me.
From Places eroded by Water, Happiness will come to me.
From Valleys with Spruce Trees, Happiness will come to me.
From the Holy Mountains, Happiness will come to me.
From the House of Darkness, Happiness will come to me.
From the House of Early Morning, Happiness will come to me.
From the High Places, Happiness will come to me.
From where Sunlight strikes first, Happiness will come to me.
From Mountain Peaks, Happiness will come to me.
From the Sky, Happiness will come to me.
From Places beyond the Sky, Happiness will come to me.
From Places where White Wind walks, Happiness will come to me.
From Places where Yellow Wind walks, Happiness will come to me.
From Places where Blue Wind walks, Happiness will come to me.
From Places where Black Wind walks, Happiness will come to me.
From Places where the Sons of Wind are walking, Happiness will come to me.

I will walk in places where good Dark Clouds keep coming.

I will walk in places where good Male Rain keeps falling.

I will walk in places where benevolent Lightning keeps flashing.

I will walk in places where good Black Fog is moving.

I will walk in places where good Female Rain keeps falling.

I will walk in places where good Rainbows float about.

I will walk in places where good Thunders are rolling.

I will walk in places where I hear the Water Bird.

I will walk in places where on cliffs the Birds are heard.

I will walk in places where the good Yellow Bird is heard.

I will walk in places where the Cornripener Beetle is heard.

I will walk in places where chirps of good Young Birds are heard.

In places like these I will walk.

I will walk in places where every kind of Plant is growing.

I will walk in places where all sorts of Flowers are blooming.

I will walk among Dew and Pollen,

Pollen and Dew will touch my feet.

They will reach my legs.

By these the Breeze will blow through my hair.
By these the Breeze will penetrate my voice.
By these the Breeze will touch my sight.
By these the Breeze will enter my head.
By these the Breeze will affect my travels.

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Happiness will come, behind me.

Happiness will come, before me.

Happiness will come, under me.

Happiness will come, above me.

Happiness will come, all around me.
With Cornpollen, Happiness will come from my mouth.
The Long-life Happiness One I am, walking.

All is Happiness.

The four Prayerstick bundles on the second morning are each made for two deities—for a divine Wind and a divine Coyote-person. The content of the bundles is identical with those of the day before, except for additional diagonal stripes that are painted on the prayersticks. These stripes are the symbol of the Wind People. Accordingly, the formal prayers for presenting the offering bundles are repeated on the second day for White Wind and White Coyote in the east, for Yellow Wind and Yellow Coyote in the west, for Blue Wind and Blue Coyote in the south, and for Black Wind and Black Coyote in the north (niłch'i and mą'ii łigaii, łitsooí, dootł'izhí, łizhiní). (Prayer 23.)

On the third morning the four Prayerstick bundles are given to Hidden Boy (a yaaghá nilíní ashkii—a Coyote), to White Dawn Girl (bidah oogai at'ééd—a Coyote Girl), to Flint Hill Boy (béésh dah azk'idii ashkii—a Coyote), and to Water Girl (bił táálíní at'ééd—a Coyote Girl). The formal prayers on that day, accordingly, are addressed to these deities (Prayer 38).

On the fourth and final morning of the Fire Ceremonies only two Prayerstick bundles are made. They contain white and blue painted prayersticks. The white Prayerstick bundle is for Talking-god (hashch'ééłti'i) in the east; the blue one is for Calling-god (hashch'éoghan) in the south. Accordingly, only two prayers, plus the "Prayer of Assurance," are required for the last of the Prayerstick bundle rites (Prayer 56).

In this manner, by the time, fourteen Prayerstick bundles have been delivered in the four directions, a total of eighteen gods have been contacted: Talking-god the chief of the Navajo pantheon and Calling-god, his closest helper; the four directional Wind People; and altogether twelve different Coyote-persons—the four Shouting Coyotes, the four Coyotes who are simply identified by their directional colors, together with Hidden Boy, White Dawn Girl, Flint Hill Boy, and Water Girl.

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DELIVERY OF REED-PRAYERSTICK BUNDLES

On each of the first four mornings, after the formal prayers to the gods who are to receive the prayerstick bundles, the patient rises, circles the fire sunwise, and carries the bundles to their destinations, about one half mile in the four directions. As the patient rises, the singer folds the ground cloth that in the process has become his. The patient walks east and south; because of the severe snow a helper carries two bundles west and north for him. All bundles are deposited under a tree or under some other living plant. The appropriate opening phrases of the prayers that were spoken in the hogan are repeated when the bundles are deposited—to bring the matter again to the god's attention. On the fourth morning the two bundles that are made are taken east and south.

While the bundles are being carried outside, the singer in the hogan chants a song. On some days a few helpers remain to help him in the singing. The song that is being chanted recalls the adventures of the first shaman, when he walked with the four directional Coyote People, carrying prayersticks:

As the patient rises, the singer folds the ground cloth that in the
process has become his.

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While the bundles are being carried outside, the singer in
the hogan chants a song.

On some days a few helpers remain to help him in the singing.

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9, 24, 39, 57. Song, First Through Fourth Mornings

He has walked.

Beneath the Two Rising before you, he has walked.

With White Morning Boy, he has walked.

With Corn-pollen at his feet, he has walked.

With the White Prayerstick in his hand, he has walked,

With Early Morning on him, he has walked.

With White Wind coming from his mouth, he has walked.

With Happiness before him, he has walked.

With Happiness behind him, he has walked.

He has walked; he has walked;

has walked, has walked, has walked, has walked.

Beneath the Two Setting before you, he has walked.

With Yellow Evening Girl, he has walked.

With Yellow Corn-pollen at his feet, he has walked.

With the Yellow Prayerstick in his hand, he has walked.

With Yellow Evening on him, he has walked.

With Yellow Wind coming from his mouth, he has walked.

With Happiness behind him, he has walked.

With Happiness before him, he has walked.

He has walked; he has walked;

has walked, has walked, has walked, has walked.

Beneath the Two Above you, he has walked.

With the Sunbeam Boy, he has walked.

With Corn-pollen at his feet, he has walked.

With the Blue Prayerstick in his hand, he has walked.

With Sunlight on him, he has walked.

With Blue Wind coming from his mouth, he has walked.

With Happiness before him, he has walked.

With Happiness behind him, he has walked.

He has walked; he has walked;

has walked, has walked, has walked, has walked.

Beneath Where-the-Stars-turn, he has walked.

With Darkness Girl, he has walked.

With Corn-pollen at his feet, he has walked.

With the Black Prayerstick in his hand, he has walked.

With Darkness on him, he has walked.

With Black Wind coming from his mouth, he has walked.

With Happiness behind him, he has walked.

With Happiness before him, he has walked.

He has walked; he has walked;

has walked, has walked, has walked, has walked.

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After the song is finished, and when the bundle carriers have returned, the hogan is made ready for the next major portion of the Fire Ceremony. Firewood is carried inside for the Sweating Rite.

The Sweating Rite

PREPARATIONS AND SWEATING

Together with the presentation of prayerstick bundles to directional gods, the ritual of sweating constitutes another major portion of the Fire Ceremonies. It is held on each of the first four mornings, always after the prayerstick bundles have been carried in the four directions.

Preparations for the Sweating Rite begin on the first evening with chopping iiłkóóh medicine. A coarse mixture of various plant materials, iiłkóóh consists of three groups of ingredients: twigs of trees and bushes, water plants, and portions of berry bushes. The twigs from trees and bushes are effective on the patient's skin—they are kQ' dahólóní, "that which has fire." The six species used are greasewood

Preparations for the Sweating Rite begin already on the first evening
with chopping iiłkóóh medicine.

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(díwózhii), juniper (gad), pinon (deestsiin), prickly spruce and wide spruce (ch'ó deinínii and teeł), and pine (índíshchíí'). A group of six water plants is aimed at affecting the patient's flesh. This group includes four kinds of reeds (teeł, teeł nííyizí, teeł jik'ashí, teeł Ukan), a plant the leaves of which look like arrowheads—possibly Brickellia grandiflora petiolaris (tákáá' béésh), and algae (tátł'id). Then finally, seven plants of a reddish color are added to affect the patient's blood. These are coyote berry—Forestiera neomexicana (mą'ii bidąą'), choke-cherry (dzídzé), bitter berry (dzídzé dik'QQzhii), service berry (dzídzé dit'ódi), turquoise berry (dzídzé dootł'izhí), wild rose (chxQQh), and something called tichíí'yistání. All put together and eventually boiled, iiłkóóh becomes a very strong tea; the flavors from the conifers dominate. Iiłkóóh medicine is intended to be an emetic.

For the Sweating Rite on each of the four mornings the regular fireplace, a converted oil drum with a stovepipe, is carried outside and a fire is built at the center of the hogan. Laid outward from the fire, in four directions, are four fire stirrers, each nearly a yard long. A juniper stick (gad) lies pointing east, a pinon stick (deestsiin) west, an oak stick (chech'il) south, and a scrub-oak stick (chech'il ntł'izi) pointing north.

Before the patient, that is, in a northwesterly direction from the fire, two features are being readied. A pile of sand is shaped in the form of a crater, as if to receive something. Iiłkóóh medicine is an emetic, and the patient later on explained the feature in terms of Coyote's vomiting. However, as far as I can presently see through the generally heavy smoke, our patient never vomits; neither do I nor does anybody else who drinks from the iiłkóóh brew. The crater of sand at any rate receives the solid remains of the rubbed-on iiłkóóh medicine. South of the sandpile a basket is placed in which medicines—first iiłkóóh for drinking and for rubbing-on, and later kétłoh for sprinkling—are prepared. Iiłkóóh medicine is first boiled in a large pot by the open fire. Kétłoh medicine, a dry mixture of plant materials, is simply sprinkled on iiłkóóh liquid in the basket. Kétłoh medicine used in the Sweating Rite is the same as that which has already been described for the Unraveling Ceremonies.

When all these things are in their proper places, all the participants disrobe, down to their shorts or breech cloths. Only men are present for this rite. The practitioner's modesty, faced with photographic equipment, is the reason why no pictures are taken during the sweating sessions. Tape-recording, sketching, and note-taking are, fortunately, all right. The shadow-drawing given here is based on notebook sketches, memory, and on previous photographic data.

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When all these things are in their proper places, all the participants
disrobe down to their shorts or breech cloths...
the leader sings a song about "the fur of the patient."

Then, as the flames shoot up toward the smoke-hole, and as the smoke builds up to a nearly unbearable density (the new hogan is not yet adequately ventilated), the leader sings a song about "the fur of the patient"—which by way of ceremonial participation in the archetypal mythical event is identical with the fur of Coyote. The white, yellow, blue, and black water (iiłkóóh medicine) is presently boiling by the fire to be eventually put on the "fur" of the patient—after that on the "furs" of all the participants, including mine. The structure of the song is simple—perhaps one of the oldest in the Coyoteway ceremonial:

10. Song, First Morning

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

On the Tips of the Fur is the White Water.

On the Tips of the Fur is the White Medicine.

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

On the Tips of the Fur is the Yellow Water.

On the Tips of the Fur is the Yellow Medicine.

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

On the Tips of the Fur is the Blue Water.

On the Tips of the Fur is the Blue Medicine.

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

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On the Tips of the Fur is the Black Water.
On the Tips of the Fur is the Black Medicine.
This is the Fur, this is the Fur.
These are put on the Fur, these are put on the Fur.

The White Fur,

The White Water,

The White Medicine,

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

These are put on the Fur, these are put on the Fur.

The Yellow Fur,

The Yellow Water,

The Yellow Medicine,

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

These are put on the Fur, these are put on the Fur.
The Blue Fur,
The Blue Water,
The Blue Medicine,

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

These are put on the Fur, these are put on the Fur.

The Black Fur,

The Black Water,

The Black Medicine,

This is the Fur, this is the Fur.

The Beautiful Fur, the Beautiful Fur.

The White Fur,

The White Water,

The White Medicine…

(Continued as in last stanza for Yellow Fur, Yellow Water, Yellow Medicine—then Blue, and Black)

The preparational song with which sweating is begun on the second morning (Song 25) is a variation of the first morning's opening song (Song 10). The Coyote-identification, where the patient's skin has become Coyote's fur, is now developed into a more complete Coyote mysticism. The ceremonial hogan, made of clay and logs, becomes a cosmic dwelling by virtue of its association with a complete set of directional colors. Moreover, the ceremonial hogan is now "in" the white, yellow, blue, and black Fur; that is to say, all participants are presently inside a Coyote-being of cosmic dimensions. The entire process of healing and initiation, even my recording, is accomplished in mystical union, literally "inside," the great Coyote.

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25. Song, Second Morning

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan.

This is the Hogan given to me.

This is the White Clay Hogan.

This is the Hogan in the White Fur.

This is the Hogan that is immune.

This is the Hogan given to me.

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan.

This is the Hogan behind the Hill.

This is the Hogan in the Yellow Fur.

This is the Hogan of the Abalone Shell Lady.

This is the Hogan that is immune.

This is the Hogan built of Logs.

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan.

This is the Hogan built of Logs.

This is the Hogan in the Mountains.

This is the Hogan in the Blue Fur.

This is the Hogan that is immune.

This is the Hogan built of Logs.

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan.

This is the Hogan on top of the Mountain.

This is the Hogan in the Black Fur.

This is the Brown Hogan on top of the Mountain.

This is the Hogan that is immune.

This is the Hogan built of Logs.

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan.

This is the Hogan of your Son.

This is the Hogan that is immune.

This is the Hogan built of Logs.

This is the Hogan on top of the Mountain.

This is the Hogan of your Son,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan,

This is the Hogan, this is the Hogan.

Referring specifically to the seven reddish plant ingredients in the iiłkóóh brew, which are presently boiling by the fire, the priestly singer continues on the first morning with this song:

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11, Song, First Morning

The Red Berry Shrubs are Medicine for my blood.

They are Medicine, they are Medicine,

They are Medicine, they are Medicine.

The Sons of these Medicines will help my blood.

They will help, they will help,

They will help, they will help.

The Sons of these Medicines are affecting, my blood.

They are affecting, my blood, they are affecting, my blood,

They are affecting, my blood, they are affecting my blood.

(This song is chanted four times.)

The next song depicts the setting of the timeless ceremonial; it refers to the first patient's recovery:

26. Song, Second Morning

On these he walked, on these he walked,

On these he walked, on these he walked.

The Walking, that is immune he walked.

On the White Grass he walked,

the Walking that is immune he walked.

On the Blue Grass he walked,

the Walking, that is immune he walked.

On the Black Grass he walked,

the Walking, that is immune he walked.

On the Yellow Grass he walked,

the Walking that is immune he walked.

On these he walked.

On the Ground he walked, on the Ground he walked,

On the Ground he walked, on the Ground he walked.

On the White Ground he walked.

On the White Grass he walked.

The Walking that is immune he walked.

On the Ground he walked, on the Ground he walked.

(The second stanza is repeated for Yellow Ground, Grass, Walking, then for Blue and Black. Song ends with four-fold refrain.)

The song which follows refers to the medicine which presently is being made—the iiłkóóh brew which boils by the fire:

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27. Song, Second Morning

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made,

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made.

The Adulterous Coyote (ma'ii ah'ihtii) is making the medicine.

The Medicine is being made.

The Medicine he carries on his back.

The Medicine is being made.

The White Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

The Holy Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

Beneath the Two Rising,

The Medicine is being made.

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made,

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made.

The Staggering Coyote (atiin dooldisi) is making the medicine.

The Medicine is being made.

(Coming) from the Steep Places,

The Medicine is being made.

The Yellow Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

The Holy Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

Where the Two Above are setting,

The Medicine is being made.

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made,

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made.

The Badger (nahashch'id) is making the medicine.

The Medicine is being made.

(Coming) from the Dark Soil,

The Medicine is being made.

The Blue Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

The Holy Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

Beneath the Two Above,

The Medicine is being made.

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made,

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made.

The Gopher (na'azisi) is making the Medicine.

The Medicine is being made.

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(Coming) from the Dark-brown Places,

The Medicine is being made.

The Jet-black Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

The Holy Medicine,

The Medicine is being made.

Where the Big Dipper turns,

The Medicine is being made.

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made,

The Medicine is being made, the Medicine is being made.

The preparational and sweating songs on the third and fourth mornings are identical. As before, the songs refer to the healing of the first Coyoteway patient. The references in the next two songs, to feathers and to feathers hanging down, will be better explained later on in Songs 42 through 45. Presently we join the patient as he is "walking out again," and as "he is walking in the water"—he and all those with him are sweating:

40. 58. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

With these, with these, he walked out again.

With a Stick, he walked out again.

With the Sun above him, he walked out again.

With the Waterbird People above him, he walked out again.

With this Medicine, he walked out again.

With this Feather, he walked out again.

With the White Feather hanging down, he walked out again.

With his Body, he walked out again.

With these, with these he walked out again.

With these Feathers, he walked out again.

With the Sun above him, he walked out again.

With the Waterbird People above him, he walked out again.

With this Medicine, he walked out again.

With this Feather, he walked out again.

With these Feathers hanging down, he walked out again.

With his Body well, he walked out again.

With these, with these, he walked out again. He is well.

41. 59. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

He is walking in the water, he is walking in the water,

He is walking in the water, he is walking in the water.

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With the Sun as his shield, he is walking in the water.
With these, he is walking in the water.
With the Heat People, he is walking in the water.
With the Sun as his shield, he is walking in the water.
With the Heat People, he is walking in the water.
With Feathers on his Head, he is walking in the water.
With Feathers hanging down, he is walking in the water.
With his Body shaking, he is walking in the water.

He is walking in the water, he is walking in the water,
He is walking in the water, he is walking in the water.

With being hot, he is walking in the water.
With the Sun as his shield, he is walking in the water.
With Feathers hanging down, he is walking in the water.
With Feathers hanging down, he is walking in the water.
With the White Feather, he is walking in the water.
With these, with these, he is walking in the water.

He is walking in the water, he is walking in the water,
He is walking in the water, he is walking in the water.

IIŁKÓÓH RUBBING-ON AND DRINKING

After the preparational sweating songs, the practitioner pours the boiling iiłkóóh brew from the pot into the basket near the patient. The patient then sifts the solids from the liquid by using a coarse brush; he rubs them on his body in such a manner that the rubbings fall into the sand hollow near the basket. Then he kneels and bows low to drink some of the liquid, directly from the basket. What he does not drink he rubs on his body. The other participants receive some of the liquid served in bowls—the singer drinks his portion directly from the dipper. While this takes place, on the first day, he chants three songs:

12. Song, First Morning

It is his Water, it is his Water,

It is his Water, it is his Water.

It is the White Medicine's Water.

It is the White Fur's Water.

It is the White Medicine's Water.

It is the Holy Medicine's Water.

It is his Water, it is his Water,

It is his Water, it is his Water.

(This stanza is repeated for Yellow, Blue, and Black. See Song 46 for a later variation.)

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23. Song, First Morning

He who was given, lifts me by his hand.

The White Fire-drill Bottom Piece, lifts me by his hand.

The White Medicine, lifts me by his hand.

The Holy Medicine, lifts me by his hand.

These who were given, lift me by their hands.

(This stanza is repeated for Yellow, Blue, and Black.)

14. Song, First Morning, same as Song 11

The Red Berry Shrubs are Medicine for my Blood....

The songs that are chanted for iiłkóóh drinking and rubbing-on during the second Sweating Rite refer to the medicine which is now ready. The medicine will have been already sipped by the time the subsequent Song 29 is being chanted.

28. Song, Second Morning

The Medicine is ready, the Medicine is ready,

The Medicine is ready, the Medicine is ready.

The Adulterous Coyote has made the Medicine ready.

The Medicine is ready.

Behind the Mountains where the trail goes,

The Medicine is ready.

The White Medicine,

The Medicine is ready.

The Holy Medicine,

The Medicine is ready.

The Son of the Two Rising, it is he who has made the Medicine ready.

The Medicine is ready, the Medicine is ready,

The Medicine is ready, the Medicine is ready.

The Staggering Coyote has made the Medicine ready.

The Medicine is ready.

(Coming) from the steep Slopes,

The Medicine is ready.

The Yellow Medicine,

The Medicine is ready.

The Holy Medicine,

The Medicine is ready.

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The Son of the Two Setting, it is he who made the Medicine ready.
The Medicine is ready, the Medicine is ready,
The Medicine is ready, the Medicine is ready.

(The next stanza is for Badger, the last stanza for Gopher—all after the pattern of Song 27.)

29. Song, Second Morning

The Medicine I ate, the Medicine I ate,

The Medicine I ate, the Medicine I ate.

The Adulterous Coyote has made the Medicine, the Medicine I ate.

Behind the Mountains where the trail goes, the Medicine I ate,

The White Medicine....

(All four stanzas are patterned after Song 28. Only the refrain is new.)

Then on the third and on the fourth mornings of the Sweating Bite, while iiłkóóh is being sipped, four songs celebrate the effects of this praiseworthy medicine. The feathery arrows of witchcraft are "coming out" from the patient's body; along with drops of sweat they are "dripping"; they are "falling"; and as a result of all these happenings—and as a result of the progression of these songs—the patient is made "well":

42, 60. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

With these, with these, it is coming out.

From the bones, it is coming out.

With the Sun as his shield, it is coming out.

With the Waterbird People above him, it is coming out.

With the Feathers hanging down, it is coming out.

With his body shaking, it is coming out.

With his body shaking, it is dripping.

With his body shaking, it is falling.

With his body shaking, he is well.

With these, with these, it is coming out.

With the Heat, it is coming out.

With the Sun as his shield, it is coming out.

With the Waterbird People above him, it is coming out.

With the Feathers on his head, it is coming out.

With the White Feathers hanging down, it is coming out.

With his body shaking, it is coming out.

With his body shaking, it is dripping.

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With his body shaking, it is falling.
With his body shaking, he is well.

With these, with these, it is coming out.

43. 61. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

With these, with these, it is dripping.

With the Feathers falling, it is dripping.

With the Sun as his shield, it is dripping....

(Continued after the pattern of Song 42)

44. 62. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

With these, with these, it is falling.

With the body shaking, it is falling.

With the Sun as his shield, it is falling....

(Continued after the pattern of Song 42)

45. 63. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

With these, with these, he is well.

With the Feathers falling, he is well.

With the Sun as his shield, he is well....

(Continued after the pattern of Song 42)

That some songs can be used to serve different purposes becomes evident if one examines the sequential scheme at the end of the third and the fourth day of sweating. Song 46, of the third day, is identical with Song 64 of the fourth day; however, while on the third morning it is chanted to complete the iiłkóóh rubbing, on the fourth morning it substitutes for the regular sprinkling song:

46. 64. Song, Third and Fourth Mornings

It is his water, it is his water.

A White Coyote's water, it is his water.

The White Water he is walking in, it is his water.

The White Medicine, it is his water.

The Holy White Medicine, it is his water.

It is his water, it is his water.

(This stanza is repeated for Yellow, Blue, and Black.)

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The following song, like the previous one, is a variation of Song 12 and 13 with which actions were begun in the Sweating Rite on the first morning:

47. Song, Third Morning

He who was given lifts me in his hand.

The White Reed, lifts me in his hand.

The White Medicine, lifts me in his hand.

The Holy Medicine, lifts me in his hand.

He who was given lifts me in his hand.

(This stanza is repeated for Yellow, Blue, and Black.)

After the iiłkóóh medicine is properly applied, the patient rises, circles the fire sunwise, and goes outside. While he is absent, the helpers gather every trace of his iiłkóóh rubbings and the entire pile of sand. Together with the illness that has been captured there, these things are carried outside and disposed of at some distance. At this time also half of the fire is taken outside and deposited north of the hogan— further north on each successive morning. While these disease-absorbing elements are carried away, the patient waits outside; he keeps his distance to avoid catching the illness again. When he finally returns, the priestly singer prepares for sprinkling the participants with kétłoh medicine.

SPRINKLING KÉTŁOH

Every Sweating Rite includes sprinkling of kétłoh medicine—the same rub-on medicine which has been described in connection with the Unraveling Ceremonies. The practitioner pours the remaining iiłkóóh liquid from the pot by the fire into his basket. To the liquid he adds kétłoh powder. With a bundle of large eagle feathers, and with a song, the priest begins sprinkling the wholesome contents of the basket first on the patient, then on every participant around the circle, sunwise. I happen to sit on the south side and am therefore the first of the participants to get showered. On the first day I dodge the liquid to protect my recording equipment—the singer laughs out loud, nearly interrupting his song. His sport from here on out is to aim his load straight at my face. On the second day I know what to expect; I quietly cover my equipment and solemnly present my face to his showers of blessings. He is surprised, even takes a second look to reassure himself. I have the feeling that he respects me for it. The next round is sprinkled

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more generally for the cardinal directions. Last to be blessed is the practitioner's own pad and his equipment.

The words of the sprinkling song are quite significant in this procedure. On the fourth morning the singer sprinkles to Song 64, "It is his water" (same as Song 46 above). The liquid medicines that are used in any rite of the Coyoteway ceremonial are Coyote's water. The idea of getting blessed by Coyote's water is carried one step further in the sprinkling song that is used on the first three mornings. According to this song, the furs which "are put in the water"—are being sprinkled— are the coyote furs of the patient and of all the participants. All of us participate, ceremonially, in a fully developed Coyote mysticism. And here is the song:

15, 30, 48, Song, First Through Third Mornings

The Furs are put in the water.

Black Lightning, is put in the body.

Male Rain is there.

Black Water is there.

Crystal Rock is there.

In the wide Land I walk.

The Black Fur is put in the rainbow.

It is put in the Black Water.

The White Crystal is there.

Roads to the wide Land I walk.

The Holy Black Cloud is there.

Crystal Rock is there,

In the Black Water I walk.

To the Beautiful Place I walk.

In the Country of Water I walk.

Furs put into Corn-pollen,

And beautiful Water is there.

BURNING THE FEATHERS

Every major ceremony in the Coyoteway ceremonial, except the ninth night, concludes with the act of burning the feathers. The procedure and the meaning are always the same. Arrows of witchcraft—bird feathers shot into the primeval Coyote skin—are burned, removed, and blown far away from the patient. The fiery coal, again, is drenched with water and carried outside with some of the illness adhering to it. The Feather-burning Rite is generally a silent procedure. Only at the end of the fourth Sweating Rite it is accompanied by a song. Structurally this song is a continuation of Songs 42 through 45.

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(same as 60 through 63). The song recognizes the accomplished fact of the exorcistic process which in Song 5, the song following feather-burning in the Unraveling Ceremony, is still going on. Now the witchcraft feathers are not only heard whizzing away; now it is certain that "they have blown far away."

65. Song, Fourth Morning

They have blown far away, they have blown far away,
They have blown far away, they have blown far away.

With the Sun as your shield, they have blown far away.

With the Hardwood Shrub People (burning), they have blown far away.

With the Bird People above, they have blown far away.

With the Ones that stand above, they have blown far away.

With these you are made well, with these you are made well,

With the Bear People, they have blown far away.

With the Sun as your shield, they have blown far away.

With all Furry People, they have blown far away.

With the body shaking, it is coming out.

With the body shaking, it is dripping.

With the body shaking,, it is falling,

With the body shaking, you are made well.

They have blown far away, they have blown far away,

They have blown far away, they have blown far away.

The Washing Rite

The four Fire Ceremonies are concluded on the fourth morning with the Washing Rite. An open fire burns at the center of the hogan. A bucket load of sand is brought in and put between the fire and the patient. The sand is leveled. Spruce twigs are laid on the sand; snake-weed and other grasses—the same as are in the wooltáád bundles—are laid on the spruce twigs. Finally, a basket is set on top of these. Hot water is poured into the basket, and while the patient undresses, the singer works up a lather by wringing yucca leaves. The patient circles the fire, sunwise. On the white yucca suds, in the basket, the practitioner sprinkles greenish kétłoh powder in the shape of the familiar circle, with the four directional lines leading out from the center.

Then the patient kneels to face the basket; the singer loosens the man's hair. The hair is washed in the yucca suds. After the hair the entire body is cleansed. The remains of this procedure—spilled suds,

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sand, and the disease-absorbing plants—are all carried outside. The act of washing, up to this point, has obviously been an exorcistic rite of purification. The song that is chanted to accompany the washing, however, dwells on the positive aspect: since mythical times, by the efforts of Coyoteway singers, health, long life, and happiness were "brought back."

66. Song, Fourth Morning

He brought it back, he brought it back,

He brought it back, he brought it back.

With these he brought it back.

The Sons of Sun, with these he brought it back....

(This song is the same as Song 31.)

Water cleanses from dirt and even washes away the exorcized missiles of witchcraft. It cleanses and removes, but it does not replenish the vacuum that in this process of healing is created. Therefore, immediately after the washing, the patient's hair, face, and body are infused with new life-power through the application of cornmeal.

An open fire burns at the center.... A bucket load of sand.
between the fire and the patient... is leveled.

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Spruce twigs are laid on the sand; snakeweed and other grasses...
are laid on the spruce twigs.

Hot water is poured into the basket... the singer works up a
lather by wringing yucca leaves.

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On the white yucca suds... the practitioner sprinkles
greenish kétłoh powder in the shape of the familiar circle,
with the four directional lines leading out from the center.

Then the patient kneels to face the basket; the singer
loosens the man's hair.

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His hair is washed in yucca suds.

After a while the patient continues applying the cornmeal by himself. He also puts cornmeal on his clothes. This, surely, is no longer purification, but rather an addition of positive powers. Meanwhile, the singer chants a song—variations on Song 2. The modifications are noteworthy. The exorcistic implications of the original Song 2—"Now it has begun moving"—are replaced here by a direct reference to the patient's ability to move and to walk about in health:

67. Song, Fourth Morning

Now he is moving, now he is moving,

Now he is moving, now he is moving.

With the help of these he is moving:

With the Sons of Sun, he is moving.

With the Sons of White Corn Girl, he is moving.

With Dark Cattails on top, he is moving.

With the Flash of Lightning, he is moving.

With the Black-blossomed Plant, he is moving.

With the Sound of Lightning, he is moving.

With the Long-life Happiness One, he is moving.

Now he is moving, now he is moving,

Now he is moving, now he is moving.

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After the hair the entire body is cleansed.

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...the patient's hair, face, and body are therefore infused with new
life-power through the application of cornmeal.

With the Sons of Moon, he is moving.
With the Sons of Yellow Corn, he is moving.
With Dark Cattails on top, he is moving.
With the White Rainbow, he is moving.
With the Yellow-blossomed Plant, he is moving.
With the Corn-ripener Beetle, he is moving.
With the Long-life Happiness One, he is moving.

Now he is moving, now he is moving,

Now he is moving, now he is moving.

68. Song, Fourth Morning

Now he is walking, now he is walking,

Now he is walking, now he is walking.

With the help of these he is walking:

With the Sons of Sun, he is walking....

(Sung after the pattern of Song 67.)

After these songs the practitioner blesses the patient with pollen; he puts some pollen into the patient's mouth, then some on his head. Then he sprinkles pollen in the four directions and explains: "The suds of

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yucca alone do not heal a person. When the blessings of corn pollen are added, real renewal takes place." Now a pollen bag is passed so that all of us can obtain the same blessings. In the end the singer sprinkles pollen on his paraphernalia and gets ready to sing again.

After pollen-sprinkling the thematic progression of Songs 66 through 68—"He brought it back," "Now he is moving," "Now he is walking"—is continued in two more songs. In these final songs the patient is no longer referred to in third person singular; rather, he now exclaims in first person singular "It is I walking!" and "It is I made strong!" He no longer sees himself as a shadow-figure in the trail of that first Coyoteway patient and shaman; he now is that first patient and shaman.

69. Song, Fourth Morning

It is I, it is I walking!

The White Corn Boy, it is I walking.

Beneath the Two Rising, on White Mountain, it is I walking.

...the practitioner blesses the patient with pollen; he puts some
pollen into the patient's mouth.

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Then he sprinkles pollen in the four directions and explains...

With Pollen, it is I walking.

Happiness before me, it is I walking.

Happiness behind me, it is I walking.

It is I, it is I walking!

The Yellow Corn Boy, it is I walking.

Beneath the Two Setting, on Yellow Mountain, it is I walking....

(continued as in first stanza)

The Blue Corn, it is I walking.

Beneath the Two, on Blue Mountain, it is I walking....

(continued as in first stanza)

The Black Corn, it is I walking.

Beneath where Big Dipper turns, it is I walking....

(continued as in first stanza)

70. Song, Fourth Morning

It is I, it is I made strong!

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It is I, it is I made strong!

The White Corn Boy, it is I made strong....

(continued after the pattern of Song 69)

These songs conclude the Washing Rite, the Fire Ceremonies, and so the first four days of the Coyoteway ceremonial. This is the end of the fourth morning. Tonight, on the fifth evening of the ceremonial, the Basket-drum Singing will begin.

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